The Harlem Renaissance Writers Reacting To Their...

The Harlem Renaissance emerged during turbulent times for the world, the United States, and black Americans. World War I and the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 had left the world in disorder and stimulated anticolonial movements throughout the third world. In America, twenty years of progressive reform ended with the red scare, race riots, and isolationism throughout 1919 and led to conservative administrations through the twenties. While blacks were stunned by racial violence near the end of the decade and were frustrated by the lack of racial progress that progressivism had made, they were now armed with new civil rights organizations and confronted the approaching decade with new hope and determination. Education and employment†¦show more content†¦While the Harlem Renaissance was not a political movement, its participants were affected by the political world around them and responded in varying ways to their political environment. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Perhaps the most direct way that black writers addressed political issues was through political and protest writings. Claude McKay’s 1919 sonnet â€Å"If We Must Die† expressed his anger toward the race riots of 1919 and urged blacks to respond with violence when confronted with force, working against the odds and gaining dignity through their struggles. He writes, â€Å"Like men we’ll face the murderous pack, / Pressed to the wall, dying, but fighting back!†3 Similarly, Langston Hughes made protest a significant element in his works, especially in his somewhat radical poetry of the early 1930’s. â€Å"Because I am the white man’s son, his own / Bearing his bastard birth-mark on my face, / I will dispute his title to the throne, / Forever fight him for my rightful place.†4 wrote Hughes in his poem â€Å"Mulatto†. Throughout his poetry, he directly and indirectly referred to vigorous hatred for the white man, of his people’s dreams deferred too long. He used literature to protest the inequality faced by blacks nationwide. James WeldonShow MoreRelatedThe World s Best Hope1951 Words   |  8 Pagesracialist activism and potential political proxy. America had a well-established political system that ensured extensive industrial growth in a short period of time through use of the availability of cheap labour overseas to captivate upon the lucrative source of raw materials. One of the primary effective political plays was America’s maintained isolationism. This was demonstrated in Americas refrain from joining the League of Nations and their largely republican political view of ‘Laissez-faire’ – theRead MoreBlack Naturalism and Toni Morrison: the Journey Away from Self-Love in the Bluest Eye8144 Words   |  33 Pagesin a sense what they were questioning from the standpoint of literary criticism is not only the theory of postmodernism with its emphasis on race, class and gender, but the theory of naturalism as well: the idea that one s social and physical environments can drastically affect one s nature and potential for surviving and succeeding in this world. In this article, I will explore Toni Morr ison s The Bluest Eye from a naturalistic perspective; however, while doing so I will propose that because

Ethics Essay - 2054 Words

Our case study discusses the rise and fall of one of the largest telecommunications corporations in the world, Nortel Networks Corporation. Nortel was one of the many early 21st century telecommunications companies that failed due to upper echelon management, a dysfunctional board of directors, inflated costs and earnings, and a smoke and mirrors illusion of stability. There were many avenues that could have been taken that would have prevented the demise and fall of the organization, but those roads were not traveled. Many argue that government intervention could have prevented the backlash and whitewater effect of Nortel’s bankruptcy, but due to corporate ties within the government and the Securities and Exchange Commission the many†¦show more content†¦Although initially they created unintended unethical behavior which probably resulted from a dysfunctional management team, those initial ideas would later lead to several action sequences that would have lasting eff ects. The two moral imperatives of â€Å"do not lie† and â€Å"do unto others as you want done to you† were not attributes that several of the board members held (Collins, 2011, pg. 24). There are a multitude of mechanisms that should be put in place to better align managers with the interests of shareholders, and the government plays a big part of that puzzle. Agency problems arise when the management of a public company pursues its own economic self-interest ahead of shareowners’ and secondary stakeholder’s interests’ and portrays disregard for the respect for others and does not reflect at atmosphere of corporate citizenship. This behavior may manifest itself in the form of golden parachutes, long-term employment contracts, corporate jets, and other perquisites. Managers are susceptible to human nature and may pursue their own economic agendas without any concern for maximizing the wealth of the shareowners (Anson, White, McGrew, Butler, 2004). Nortel investors complained that even in its downward spiral, the executives received bonuses and issued excessively optimistic projections. Soon there would not be much left other than the lawsuits alleging issuance of misleading financial statements and blatant insider tradingShow MoreRelatedEthics And Ethics : Ethics922 Words   |  4 Pagesand friend group to be altered. One change I was not anticipating making was my approach to ethics. Over the course of the past fifteen weeks, my knowledge of ethics as well as my approach to ethics has changed. I have become more knowledgeable about the different approaches to ethics and have gained insight as to where I stand in my approach to ethics. One thing that has changed in my approach to ethics since the beginning of the semester is I am now adamant that it is impossible to arrive at aRead MoreEthics : Ethics And Ethics Essay1578 Words   |  7 Pages†¢ Define ethics. Ethics is defined as the moral principles and standards that guide the behavior of an individual or group, while business ethics refers to said behavior in the work environment. Great leaders demonstrate and practice this both personally and professionally. With today’s constant media coverage of unethical decisions and their violators, it can be easy for many to people to assume that ethics codes are â€Å"just for show†. A prime example of the unethical culture that exists in businessRead MoreEthics : Ethics And Ethics851 Words   |  4 PagesJohn Berger who stated, â€Å"Without ethics, man has no future. This is to say, mankind without them cannot be itself. Ethics determine choices and actions and suggest difficult priorities† (Berger). His meaning behind that quote is simple. In this world is there a right and a wrong way of doing something? In this world, ethics determines our actions and the consequences that come about those actions, determining right and wrong. The real question is however, are Ethics black and white? Is what is â€Å"right†Read MoreEthics : Ethics And Ethics955 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction: Ethics is a key moral philosophy that helps us determine what is right and wrong. This paper will talk about my views on ethics. I will share personal examples of ethical situations that I have been in. I will also share where my ethical views originated from and why ethics is important to me. Next, I will discuss how ethics will affect my career and why it will be important in it. Lastly, I will talk about the importance of ethics in the global world. Personal: In my opinion ethics is a moralRead MoreEthics And The Ethics Of Ethics929 Words   |  4 Pages Ethics Nurse’s Before all parties involved can begin a working relationship, each individual should discuss and obtain a written description of the duties expected and the code of ethics that should be respected and followed; by beginning with a clear understanding of ethical values. 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The main reason for ethics education is that ethics courses and training would help students, who are going to become future managers and business decision makers, to resolve such ethical dilemmas correctly. As we know that most dilemmas often have multiple decision criteria. Business ethics classes would help students to realize which decision criteria lead to a preference for aRead MoreEthics And Ethics Of Ethics Essay1491 Words   |  6 Pagesemployees that the work place ethics code forbids using work-place resources for personal financial profit. To make ethically right decision in this ethical dilemma, I will focus on the philosophers’ standpoint and reasoning of ethics of care, ethics of justice, utilitarian ethics and universal principle to analyze the situation. In this tough situation, my conclusion is that I will not report this action to the higher authority although she is violating wor k place ethics code. I will provide my reasoningRead MoreEthics : Ethics And Ethics1485 Words   |  6 Pages Ethics is a concept derived from an individual’s religion, philosophies or culture, forming a collection of moral principles carrying out the manner in which a person leads their life. In modern society philosophers divide ethical theories into three separate areas, meta-ethics, normative ethics and applied ethics. Meta-ethics refer to the origins and meanings of ethical principles, dealing with the nature of moral judgement. Normative ethics refers to what is right and wrong and concerned withRead MoreEthics And Ethics Of Ethics987 Words   |  4 PagesEthics affect every facet of life, especially in a professional community. When a decision is to be made within a community, the ethical decision is typically that which benefits the most people or harms the least people. There are some scenarios however, when the correct decision based on a system of ethics that values doing the right thing is not the decision that leaves behind the least negative impact on the organization. An organization must decide if it will follow the system of ethics that

A Lucky Failure Essay Example For Students

A Lucky Failure Essay I am attending a driving school now. In the second class, the teacher asks that in which mode should you start a car? I give out the answer in my mind quickly; its parking mode, if not, I might not even be sitting here. The question reminds me of a summer 9 years ago when I was still in China. I was 10 years old, the age for boys to be naughty. It was a sunny Saturday afternoon, we were about to leave our apartment for my grandparents place. In five minutes, I finished changing my clothes waiting them at the door, but they were really slow. My parents never left the house faster than I do, they always checked if all the lights were turned off and if they had their wallets and cell phones with them. Sometimes, my mom also fixed her hair before leaving. As a child, I never understood why they repeated the same routine every time when we went somewhere. They knew that I am impatient with them checking around, so my father gave me his car key as always and said to me, ChengCheng(my family calls me this way) take the key and wait for us in the car and dont forget to turn on the air conditioner, its such a hot day. He knew I prefer to sit in the car alone, rather than waiting for them at the door. Gladly I took the key, an idea coming out of nowhere after I got the key, why dont I try to drive the car out of the parking lot and wait for them at the road side. I always wanted to try to drive. I admited I play car-racing games a lot during that period of time and I felt absolutely confident about my driving skills. So I asked, Dad, I wanna drive your car. It was not exactly asking a permission, I simply told him what I wanted and waited for objections. By the time I asked, he was already in the living room, I am not sure if he noticed what I said, because I just heard the TV was turned off, one thing for sure though was that I heard no objections. I then left the floor for the parking lot. I look around, many cars left and the spots next to our car were both empty. What a lucky day! I walked to the car, the black Passat, I pressed the unlock button on the key, after the beep-beep, I open the driver’s door and sit in the car without a hesitation, I looked back at the seat where I always sit and I giggled. Finally I can drive, I think. I then adjusted the seat so that I can step on the gas peddle, next, I started the engine, turned on the air conditioner and switched the fan level to three. After a minute or two, I checked the left then the right and prepared to drive just in the same manner as how my father would have done it. I hold the steering wheel tight and step on the gas peddle gently as I remember mom and dad had discussed it before. However, it was the first time I stepped and still it was too heavy. I heard a wongggg sound and I saw that the RPM indicator needle went to 5000 but the car did not move at all. I felt confused but I was terrified by the sound and too afraid to try it again. Suddenly I felt what I did was really dangerous, I could really have bumped to another car. After the realization of how serious the mistake I had made, I quickly adjusted back the seat and sit back to where I belong and pretended nothing had happened when my parents came. Luckily they didn’t notice anything. I pretended to be calm and watched carefully how my father drove the car out of the parking lot. He put the gear stick in driving mode first and then he stepped the gas peddle. .ucb3979c92aa9779e2618660747472388 , .ucb3979c92aa9779e2618660747472388 .postImageUrl , .ucb3979c92aa9779e2618660747472388 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ucb3979c92aa9779e2618660747472388 , .ucb3979c92aa9779e2618660747472388:hover , .ucb3979c92aa9779e2618660747472388:visited , .ucb3979c92aa9779e2618660747472388:active { border:0!important; } .ucb3979c92aa9779e2618660747472388 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ucb3979c92aa9779e2618660747472388 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ucb3979c92aa9779e2618660747472388:active , .ucb3979c92aa9779e2618660747472388:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ucb3979c92aa9779e2618660747472388 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ucb3979c92aa9779e2618660747472388 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ucb3979c92aa9779e2618660747472388 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ucb3979c92aa9779e2618660747472388 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ucb3979c92aa9779e2618660747472388:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ucb3979c92aa9779e2618660747472388 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ucb3979c92aa9779e2618660747472388 .ucb3979c92aa9779e2618660747472388-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ucb3979c92aa9779e2618660747472388:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Absolut Failure EssayNow I understood where my silly mistake was. After that question, I pay no attention to the class anymore, all I think about are the mistakes I made. Thanks to the silly mistake, a possible tragedy is prevented and I am still alive. But there is another bigger mistake. I shouldn’t have tried to drive in the first place. I should not feel so confident about myself. Things that appear to be easy to do aren’t really that easy. I should have thought twice before, and the chance is I would probably not have done that if I thought twice.

Theory of modern art Rationalization

Buchloh observes the cyclical appearance of action and reaction in art since the advent of Cubism, and infers from this that art reflects somehow the state of society.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Theory of modern art: Rationalization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the associated readings, the authors make some similar points about the tidal movement between realism and abstraction, although they are not uniformly as focused on the socio-political content or significance of the current art trends. In all cases, the authors make a distinction between visually reproducing reality, on the one hand, and ignoring it to some degree, on the other hand. These observations accurately describe the changes that occurred in art over the first decades of the 20th century. However, it is not always convincing, from the perspective of 2011, to read these often-inflexible assertions about the directional progression of a rt, and its potential connection to politics. Buchloh asserts that art responds to the oppression of the regimes then current in the country where the artist lives and/or works. He asks, â€Å"Is there a simple causal connection, a mechanical reaction, by which growing political oppression necessarily and irreversibly generates traditional representation? Does the brutal increase of restrictions in socio-economic and political life unavoidably result in the bleak anonymity and passivity of the compulsively mimetic modes that we witness, for example, in European painting of the mid- 1920s and early I 930s?†[1] He is contending that artists react to the limiting atmosphere around them by hearkening back to representational styles. He is damning of all figurative content as a throwback, a return to outdated and played-out concepts and goals, formed by the political environment.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first pape r with 15% OFF Learn More While he does not come right out and declare his political affiliation, his attitude towards capitalism is very hostile. He speaks of the â€Å"bankruptcy of capitalist economics† and, for example, accuses capitalism of using war as its final economic solution to the persistent problems of utilizing every person’s skills and keeping them fed[2]. He also seems not to be friendly to fascism[3]. What seems to bother him about all political systems is the way that people are managed and controlled, for example via â€Å"managed unemployment.† [4] The authors in the readings all have grasped that something quite significant has changed in art. They all have seen, as Apollinaire notes, that there is occurring either a return to earlier forms of painting, or adoption of a variety of elements from earlier times (Classicism and Romanticism), or from disparate cultures, technologies, or genres[5]. Buchloh regards this sort of re-definiti on of self as a desperate clinging to a lost role of centrality and importance. He calls the painters of Cubism and its immediate neighbors in time and development, â€Å"senile old rulers.†[6] However all these protestations might also have been simply an effort on the part of artists in the early decades of the 20th century to make sense of the transforming world around them. This was especially a challenge given the demoralizing upset of World War I. These authors, many of them artists themselves, focus more than Buchloh does on the appearance and content of the art itself. They seem more interested in what comes next in art. This, itself, was a novel question to be asking, after so many centuries of slow, almost indistinguishable change. Jeanneret and Ozenfant, in particular, appear to be trying to lay out a path for art to follow so that their work can result in, â€Å"an objectification of the entire world.† This involves, for them, creating order by selecting fr om among many elements. They aim to present the viewer with something that is, â€Å"free of conventions† and, â€Å"universal.†[7]Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Theory of modern art: Rationalization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More While the reference to conventions may evoke the hated and reviled bourgeoisie, the main thrust of this article seems to be anti-political. This seems to be a perhaps deliberate attempt to move art distinctly outside the whole mess of politics and social movements. This does not actually contradict Buchloh’s insistence on a connection between the system of governance and the forms of art. Buchloh would probably contend that wanting to be outside current politics is actually a commentary on the impact of current politics! Carra focuses on the artist’s treatment of line and color and light[8]. He claims for artists a goal of, â€Å"creation, not the imita tion of phenomena†. He sees artists as in dialogue only with other artists, â€Å"listening to ourselves†[9]. This is another expression of the artist as separate, outside, standing apart from politics and social movements. Gleizes is the exception to this apparent willful obliviousness of the socio-political universe that surrounds them. He notes in his 1920 essay on the Dadaist movement that the social and political and class situation has been changing rapidly, and that people have being thrown about by the violence of events. His is the most explicit expression, among these readings, of an awareness of art as a marker of class distinctions. He points out that the upper and lower classes are being deliberately separated and set at odds[10]. This is perhaps not surprising, since the Dadaists were specifically interested in a democratization of art and the de-professionalization of the creation of art[11]. Buchloh is heavy-handed in suggesting that all figurative or re presentational art is a symptom of oppression. The other authors are looking at art less through the prism of political science than as artists themselves. Both are probably seeing a truth in the situation, but from different perspectives. Buchloh lays his ideas out at the end of his essay, as follows:Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More â€Å"The aesthetic attraction of these eclectic painting practices originates in a nostalgia of the moment in the past when the painting modes to which they refer had historical authenticity. But the spectre of derivativeness hovers over every contemporary attempt to resurrect figuration, representation, and traditional modes of production, This is not so much because they actually derive from particular precedents, but because their attempt to re-establish forlorn aesthetic positions immediately situates them in historical secondariness. That is the price of instant acclaim achieved by affirming the status quo under the guise of innovation. The primary function of such cultural re-presentations is the confirmation of the hieratics of ideological domination.†[12] Bibliography Apollinaire, Guillaume. â€Å"The New Spirit .† In Art in Theory: 1900 to 2000, by C. Harrison and P. Wood, 228-230. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2002. Buchloh, Benjamin D. â€Å"Figures of Authorit y, Ciphers of Regression: Notes on the Return of Representation in European Painting.† First appeared in the periodical October, volume 16, Spring, 1981, 39-68. Republished in Art in Modern Culture: an Anthology of Critical Texts, by Francis Frascina and Jonathan Harris, edited by Francis Frascina and Jonathan Harris, 222-238. London: Phaedon Press, 1992. Carra, Carlo. â€Å"Our Antiquity.† In Art in Theory: 1900-2000, by C Harrison and P. Wood. Carra- Our Antiquity p232-p236. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2002. Gleize, Albert. â€Å"The Dada Case.† In Art in Theory, by C. Harrison and P. Wood, 242- 245. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2002. Jeanneret, Charles Edouard (Le Corbusier), and Amedee Ozenfant. â€Å"Purism.† In Art in Theory: 1900-2000, by C. Harrison and P. Wood, 239- 242. OXfprd: Wiley-Blackwell, 2002. Footnotes Buchloh, Benjamin. â€Å"Figures of Authority, Ciphers of Regression: Notes on the Return of Representation in European Painting’† . October. 1981, Volume 16, Spring. Published in Frascina, Francis and Jonathan Harris, eds. Art in Modern Culture: an Anthology of Critical Texts. (London: Phaidon Press, 1992). Page 222. Buchloh, p. 223 Buchloh, p. 223 Buchloh, p. 223 Apollinaire, Guillaume. â€Å"The New Spirit and the Poets†. Art in Theory: 1900-2000. Wiley-Blackwell. Page 229. For example, artists incorporated pieces of newspaper text, collage-fashion, into paintings. Buchloh, Page 233. Jeanneret, Charles Edouard, and Ozenfant, Amedee. ‘Purism†. Art in Theory: 1900-2000. Wiley-Blackwell. Page 242. Carra, Carlo. â€Å"Our Antiquity†. Art in Theory: 1900-2000. 2002. Wiley-Blackwell. Page 244 Carra, page 232. Gleizes, Albert. â€Å"The Dada Case†. Art in Theory: 1900-2000. 2002. Wiley-Blackwell. Page 242. Gleizes, page 244 Buchloh, page 237 This essay on Theory of modern art: Rationalization was written and submitted by user Macy Q. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens Essay Example

Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens Essay Example Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens Paper Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens Paper Essay Topic: Oliver Twist Oliver Twist is the story of a young orphan, Oliver, and his attempts to stay good in a society that refuses to help him. Dickens shows and touches upon all the levels of society; these being the rich and poor. These levels of society give the story a theme that captures reality in the midst of nineteenth English century. As revealed in the tale, Englands nineteenth century was an era of much poverty and great social problems which resulted in a society of two opposing classes: the wealthy and the poor. Fagins den is where all the evil happens in the novel and is where he trains boys to become thieves and robbers and prostitutes meet together. Its where Oliver is brought by the Artful Dodger and where he is taught the art of pickpocketing through fun before he discovers the true purpose behind his training. â€Å"The walls and ceilings were perfectly black with age and dirt† â€Å"There was a deal table before the fire; upon which were a candle, stuck in a ginger bottle.. and standing over them with a toasting fork in his hand was a very old shrivelled Jew†. Fagin the mastermind among the criminals is as ugly in appearance and the same with his temperament, but he is also two-faced. Dickens seems to be anti-Semitic as he connects Fagins character has something to do with his ethnic identity. He does this by always referring him as the â€Å"Jew† this seems to indicate all the evil things he does or think of is connected to his ethnic identity. When Fagin is provoked he may give way to his evil side but on ordinary occasions he is always joking around and this sarcastically gives him the name of â€Å"the merry old gentlemen†. Dickens uses sardonic humour much in the novel and is very effective in the novel. l It is plain that Fagins status among the thieves is a result of his considerable talents. He is smarter and more contemplative than his companions. While they may boast with the cockiness of young men. Fagin understands and appreciates the delicacy of his position and the urgent need for cautiousness and tireless alertness when leading a life of crime. Fagin at first seems a kind man there are some traces of human feeling left in Fagins nature. Many times in the book Fagin shows a trace of kindness to Oliver. One of the interesting features of the story is that Fagin is the first adult. Its the first time the reader has seen anyone be kind so its not immediately clear hes evil until they read further in to the book. â€Å"The Jew grinned; and, making a low obeisance to Oliver, took him by the hand, and hoped he should have the honour of his intimate acquaintance† The other side of Fagin is shown when Oliver wakes up in the morning and sees Fagin playing with his treasure and Fagin spots him he shows his ugly side and then after believing Oliver saying he didnt see anything he betrays his vicious nature and quickly recovers to the â€Å"merry old gentlemen†. Dickens shows Fagins ugly side by making Fagin look as though he would have killed Oliver because of his treasure. â€Å"Speak out, boy! Quick quick! for your life! † â€Å"No! No, indeed! replied Oliver. Are you sure? cried the Jew: with a still fiercer look than before: and a threatening attitude†. One of the tricks Dickens plays is that Oliver is very naive as he watches Fagins actions in a lot of respect and tends to follow everything he does. This makes Fagin feel very happy and proud of himself and laughs about how naive and innocent Oliver is as he doesnt really know whats happening. Dickens uses sardonic humour while Fagins showing him the handkerchiefs and wallets the boysâ€Å"make† but really stole. Dickens uses sardonic humour a lot for example â€Å"Ah, youre a-staring at the pocket-handkerchiefs! eh, my dear! There are a good many of em, aint there? Weve just looked em out, ready for the wash; thats all, Oliver; thats all. Ha! ha! Ha! †. Its easily spotted that Fagin has brainwashed these boys and has now too much power over them its so cruel the way he plays the game on them, he makes them do the dirty work and he sits down like a king waiting for his slaves to deliver and bring the goods but its their only choice or theyll get kicked out of his filthy den and be homeless. Fagins only aim is to capture and get control of him mentally so then he can have another accomplice in crime, but somehow every time Oliver escapes and his friends hide him he somehow finds out where he is. He is truly an enemy to Oliver like the devil is to a sinless human. Olivers natural goodness help him to overcome the odds of life. Therefore he establishes himself in a world of respectable people who cherish Olivers natural goodness these characteristics allow him to have the happy ending he had wanted. However Fagins bad manners and his excessive love for money and will go to the extent of killing makes his fate in the book also deserved for him. Dickens portrays Fagin as a very cunning man as he uses Bill Sikes quick temper to the maximum ability he can use it as Sikes is less intelligent than Fagin he insults Fagin by calling him you â€Å"thundering old cur† and also threatens him by saying â€Å"it will be for want of breath† this shows Sikes use intimidation and violence to get what he wants. However Fagin is really the smart one as all he had to say to trigger Sikes was that she has â€Å" she gave him a drink of laudanum† this is what makes Sikes feel like a fool and causes Nancys death that Fagin had wanted. Dickens portrays the nineteenth century as a time when people had no feelings for each other and were really no better than animals. The last chapter about Fagin(3.14:The Jews Last Night Alive) shows how different Fagin was from the rest of the society and even from the entire human race. Hes in a crowded courtroom, and is surrounded â€Å"by a firmament all bright with beaming eyes†(52. 1). The crowd of people is reduced to this one feature: their â€Å"eyes†(the narrator doesnt describe any other part of their body in that paragraph), so Fagin is made into a spectacle and his own sense of individual identity is totally destroyed by their â€Å"inquisitive and eager eyes†.

Quotes from Poets About Death

Quotes from Poets About Death Its difficult to know what to say when trying to comfort someone who has suffered the loss of a loved one. But death is part of the human condition, and there is no shortage of literature about death and dying. Sometimes it takes a poet to give us perspective on the meanings of life and death. Here are some famous, and hopefully comforting, quotes about death from poets and writers that would be appropriate when offering condolences. William Shakespeare Quotes About Death And, when he shall die, Take him and cut him out in little stars, And he will make the face of Heaven so fine That all the world will be in love with night And pay no worship to the garish sun.- From Romeo and Juliet Loves not Times fool, though rosy lips and cheeksWithin his bending sickles compass come;Love alters not with his brief hours and weeks,But bears it out even to the edge of doom.-    From Sonnet 116 Cowards die many times before their deaths; the valiant never taste of death but once.- From Julius Caesar To die, to sleepTo sleep: perchance to dream: ay, theres the rubFor in that sleep of death what dreams may comeWhen we have shuffled off this mortal coil,Must give us pause: theres the respectThat makes calamity of so long life. - From Hamlet Quotes About Death from Other Poets Be near me when my light is low... And all the wheels of being slow. -   Ã‚   Alfred Lord Tennyson Because I could not stop for death, He kindly stopped for me; The carriage held but just ourselves and immortality.-    Emily Dickinson Death comes to all. But great achievements build a monument which shall endure until the sun grows cold. -    George Fabricius Death gives us sleep, eternal youth, and immortality.-   Jean Paul Richter Death is a commingling of eternity with time; in the death of a good man, eternity is seen looking through time.-   Johann Wolfgang Von Goethe He who has gone, so we but cherish his memory, abides with us, more potent, nay, more present than the living man.-   Antoine de Saint Éxupà ©ry Do not stand at my grave and weep.I am not there; I do not sleep.I am a thousand winds that blow.I am the diamond glints on snow.I am the sunlight on ripened grain.I am the gentle autumn rain. When you awaken in the mornings hushI am the swift uplifting rushOf quiet birds in circled flight.I am the soft stars that shine at night.Do not stand at my grave and cry;I am not there; I did not die.- Mary Elizabeth Frye Where you used to be, there is a hole in the world, which I find myself constantly walking around in the daytime, and falling in at night.-   Edna St. Vincent Millay Though lovers are lost, love shall not. And death shall have no dominion.  - Dylan Thomas

Ergonomics safety and health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ergonomics safety and health - Essay Example There are number of reasons why a product based industry cannot do without its implementation, and one of them is the direct exposure of the working staff to the heavy machinery used. The requirements of product manufacturing industry is not just limited to the heavy machinery, rather it involves lengthy working hours and using of the hard material which damages the softer parts of human body in many ways (Salvendy & Karwowski, 2012). The risks involved in the manufacturing industry are prone to pose greater threats towards the workers safety. Some of the injuries that the workers can come across include back injuries, stress related injuries, formation of cysts in some cases, carpal tunnel syndrome and various other similar defects that can have serious negative repercussions over the human activities in the outside world. Having identified the problems and injuries that the workers can come across, it is needed to formulate an action plan in form of human factor investigation which enables safe working. Human factor investigation enables creating a backup plan and risk assessment techniques. The investigation is conducted through a tool called Human Factor Investigation Tool (HFIT). While this tool was practically used in oil and gas industry, it can be used for manufacturing industry as well (Gordon, Flin, & Mearns, 2005). The first task in this project is to identify areas which could pose any threat to human safety, secondly highlight the areas where human fatigue is involved; repetitively working in same posture and over same equipment is unsafe as well. The strategy so devised must be based on the principle of reducing the direct contact of workers with heavy machinery. This can be done through automation. Automation finds its applications in industries like fire fighting scenarios where they can go into the buildings and not just put

Design, Drawing and Practical Skills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Design, Drawing and Practical Skills - Essay Example This it does by providing the describing the conceptual structure and empirical design. The document further applies the knowledge and skills for executing or developing product effectively and efficiently. Effective design specification gives a clear understanding of the objective of the project and helps identify the constraints involved. It further assists the design concept by allocating the required tools and resources for the whole project. It can help in installing checkpoints and regulations and ensuring the quality of the product by tracking progress (Landa 2011, p78). The required tools for the multi design include design requirement description and the work plan or the enterprise framework of the design, which carries the principles, policies and the regulation guiding the processes. It is vital for the team members of the design team have the guide that enables them get solution to their queries. The design specification document assists in the identification of the risks projected and ways of minimizing their chances of occurrence. Effective Project management in a multi-disciplinary design team is essential as it guides the activities in the project, in line with the available time and resources. Without a systematic project management framework, it is possible that the some tasks will take unnecessarily longer durations to complete, or may consume more resources. There are many project management tools as presented in the list below, Each of the tools is applicable in different project environments and specific nature of projects. Activity network for example applies in projects where the calculation of the critical path is required. Gantt chart is necessary where the sequence of activities, resources consumed and the time spent in each task is required. It also presents a graphical representation of the project activities. Work schedule is very simple as it contains the timing of each task

Peter Waldo and the Waldesians Essay Example for Free

Peter Waldo and the Waldesians Essay The Waldesians, a small community of Christians, originated in Lyon, France in the12th century. According to the Dictionary of Beliefs and Religions they rejected the authority of the pope, prayers for the dead and the veneration of saints. Despite severe persecution and excommunication by the Roman Catholic church over many years they have survived to the present day and have churches in Germany, Italy and in both North and South America. Peter Waldo ( also known as Pierre ( 1160 -1318) is said to have made a fortune by working as a merchant and   by lending money as a usurer, according to ‘The Conversion of Peter Waldo’ an anonymous document of about 1218.    The writer records how, in about 1173 Peter Waldo of Lyon heard a troubadour telling a story. He was enthralled and invited the story teller to his home. Waldo was so affected by what he heard that next day he went to a school of theology and asked what he should do. He was told :- â€Å"If thou wilt be perfect, go and sell all that thou hast, ( Matthew 19 v 21) Waldo asked his wife which she would prefer to keep – his personal property or his real estate. She was not pleased at having to make any choice, but chose the real estate. He then placed his daughters in a convent and distributed the majority of his money, some to those he had misused, but most to the poor of the area. At that time there was a famine and several times each week he provided food for the people. The people thought he was mad. At the time of the Assumption of the blessed Virgin, casting some money among the village poor, he cried, No man can serve two masters, God and mammon. Then his fellow-citizens ran up, thinking he had lost his mind. But he said. :-   My fellow-citizens and friends, I not insane, as you think, but I am avenging myself on my enemies, who made me a slave, so that I was always more careful of money than of God, and served the creature rather than the Creator. I know that many will blame me that I act thus openly. But I do it both on my own account and on yours; on my own, so that those who see me henceforth possessing any money may say that I am mad, and on yours, that you may learn to place hope in God and not in riches. Waldo was very interested in the Bible and in 1160 paid for a translation of it into the Romance language. Waldo began to travel about preaching. H e and his companions were known as ’the poor men of Lyon’. The group promoted pacifism according to Kreider and Yoder in ‘The History of Christianity’. ( page 25). The idea of lay folk, many of them illiterate, living in simple poverty was approved by the papacy at the Third Lateran Council in 1179. The pope did however add the proviso that they obtain permission to preach from local church authorities. At this time Waldo’s ideas were in keeping with the Catholic church. Waldo and his followers, by their poverty showed up the laxity and worldliness of many in the church and in 1181 the Archbishop of Lyon banned them from preaching. In 1184 they were excommunicated by the pope. So what had begun as a popular movement had become heresy in a few years. Although a few former Waldesians were welcomed back into the church the response of the majority   was to establish their own church with all the organization that implies – deacons, priests and bishops. Later they would claim that they were the only true church. They quickly became established in Lombardy and Provence Outbursts by the hierarchy of the Catholic church against unlicensed preaching and the group’s refusal to acknowledge the authority and need for the intermediary role of the clergy only served to make them identify Roman Catholicism as ‘the Great Whore of Babylon’ and thus not worthy of acknowledgement. They considered at that time that the validity o f the sacrament depended upon the worthiness of the celebrant   and as they rejected the worthiness of Catholicism they rejected its priests and sacraments that they administered. Waldesians preferred to study the scriptures for themselves rather than have them interpreted for them by priests as was the rule a the time. Gradually they established churches in most parts of Europe an d became the most widespread of ‘heretic’ groups of the time. They rejected or re-interpreted Catholic sacraments. The eucharist was only celebrated annually and in theory anyone could administer it. The priest became simply ‘a good man’. Most feast days were rejected as not being Biblical . Because they could not find evidence for purgatory within the scriptures they rejected it together with the idea of prayers for the dead. Similar thinking led them to reject saints not mentioned in the Bible. Their ideas became mixed with that of other groups. In southern France for instance they mixed with the ideas of the Cathars. They were so oppressed that there was a crusade against them in 1488 according to Ronald Finucane the pope so feared   what he perceived as a threat to the stability o f the church that an attempt was made to destroy their whole culture. Organised attacks were made upon them in Provence and in Italy. The Waldesians would no t have fought back physically as they condemned war and the shedding of blood. By the time of the Reformation the Waldesians were in contact with many groups across Europe and there was consequently a great exchange of ideas. Many joined local Protestant churches. Gradually they were absorbed into the mainstream of the Protestant Reformation. Not without continued opposition however. In 1655 the Duke of Savoy for instance ordered members to take communion or sell their lands and leave his territory.   After hearing false reports twenty days later a massacre ensued. By this time the Waldesians were worshipping openly in French. In 1685 the king of France Louis XIV renounced the edit of Nantes and so made it illegal to be a Protestant in France. They were under penalty of death or banishment   if they refused to admit that they had been wrong. After the French Revolution the Protestants of Piedmont were finally given religious freedom to worship as they wished and in 1848, the king of Sardinia , who also ruled Savoy gave them full rights, both civil and religious. Today’s Waldesians consider themselves Protestants in the Calvin tradition. They accept the doctrines of mainstream Protestantism and celebrate only two sacraments – baptism and the Eucharist. Authority is exercised by a yearly synod and individual churches by the pastor and a council of members. This is perhaps far removed from one man giving away his wealth and life style for the gospels sake, but the Waldesian church has evolved as all churches do, while at the same time remaining true to its ideals of justice, freedom conscience, and respect for religious diversity. This is exemplified in the American Waldesian Aid Society who carry out such activities as earthquake relief, the care of orphans of war and give help to refugees as well as the formation of Italian language Protestant churches. The fact that they are now considered as a mainstream church can be seen by their close links with the Methodist church and their links with the ecumenical movement . The Waldesians may be numerically a small group,   as they always were , but they were the forerunners of Protestantism and so are worthy of their place in church history. Works cited American Waldesian Aid Society found at http://www.waldensian.org/aws01.php and retrieved 13th November 2007 Finucane,R. 1980, The Waldesians in The History of Chrsitianity, Lion Publishing, Hertfordshire. Goring R. ( editor)1992 Chambers Dictionary of Beliefs and Religions, Chambers, Edinburgh. Kreider, A and Yoder, J. 1980, Christians and War in The History of Christianity, Lion Publishing , Hertfordshire. Robinson, J.H.( translator) The Conversion of Peter Waldo found at http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/waldo1.html and retrieved 14th November 2007 Waldesians   found at   http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#Later_history and retrieved 13th November 2007

How does war affect relationships in Regeneration? Essay example -- En

How does war affect relationships in Regeneration? "Regeneration" is a novel that combines fact and fiction to describe a soldier's experiences of the war. It does this successfully through a series of relationships, not only of a sexual nature but also relationships between Rivers and his patients, which reveal how difficult it is for rivers to form a trust relationship with patients and how stressful their revelations are on him. There are also examples of friendships, between Sassoon and Graves, and love, in particular between Priors and Sarah. One of the first relationships we come across is the doctor - patient relationship between Sassoon and Rivers. Evidence from their first conversations seems to suggest that at least on an intellectual level they are equal. Sassoon indicates his intelligence when Rivers questions him about his declaration, he is quite aware of how it sounds for a "Second Lieutenant" to say "The war must stop" however he doesn't see how any war can "justify this level of slaughter." Sassoon appears defensive at times during the first conversation, particularly when Rivers refers to Sassoon throwing his medal in the river as "agony." He appears to snap back almost immediately "No agony is lying in a shell hole with your legs shot off" indicating his bitterness towards civilian ignorance at emotional and physical suffering for soldiers in the war. At this point Rivers, indicating the honesty of the relationship, makes his opinion on Sassoon's state of mind clear and tells him that he seems to have "very powerful anti-war neurosis" and that it is his duty to "try and change that." This honesty is essential in the relationship between Rivers and his patients. At this time in the n... ...ctant at first she agrees, as "the thought of being collected from her lodgings by an officer was too much for her." There is irony here, as she complains about the class system and wants it to change, however she is thrilled at the thought of being courted by an officer. In the novel "Regeneration" the portrayal of the different relationships gives us an idea of the effect war had on, not only the soldiers but also the people back home, in particular the women. Which as Prior pointed out in the novel "seemed to have changed during the war." These relationships can also give us an idea of how the soldiers felt connected and became comrades, but also of how, after being at war for so long, the soldiers began to hate the civilians back home for being so ignorant as to what was actually happening and being to concerned with trivial things in everyday life.

Influence of Athletes to People

Picture this scene: The best athletes in your community are gathered for the annual high school varsity letter awards banquet. Halfback Henry and Jumpshot Jenny already have received accolades from the Master of Ceremonies for their accomplishments, but the attention is now focused on Susan Strike, Central High's varsity bowling superstar. Bowling is Central High's newest varsity letter sport,† he proclaims, â€Å"and we're extremely proud to announce Susan Strike has not only earned All-Conference honors for leading the Little Nine with a 206 average, but she led Central High to ts first state bowling championship. A standing ovation follows. You beam because Susan is a product of your youth league program. She is the first of a new generation of Varsity Bowling letter winners and she'll serve as an inspiration for hundreds of young bowlers in your This scene may sound like a dream to you, but it's a reality in some areas of the United States where a handful of dedicated proprietors have laid the groundwork to launch the nation-wide Varsity Bowling program during the 1998-99 bowling Varsity Bowling is going to be a two-pronged attack: 1. From the Top Down – Five states have been selected to participate in a targeted Varsity Bowling program during the 1998-99 with a focused effort to secure state high school athletic association approval for the sport. 2. From the Bottom Up – Every local/regional proprietor group in any area of the United States is invited to â€Å"test† the Varsity Bowling waters on their own. A comprehensive organizational kit, including detailed manual, videotape and support materials, is available today from the Young American Bowling Alliance and the Bowling Proprietors Association of America to help your proprietor group and local association volunteers get a eadstart in organizing a â€Å"high school club conference† to demonstrate the program's feasibility. Varsity Bowling is a program that cannot succeed without the commitment and dedication of the proprietors. You own the arenas, you have the expertise and it's your youth bowlers who will benefit the most. Varsity Bowling is one of the most comprehensive step-by-step organizational programs ever developed in bowling (or any sport). It is based upon 10 years of experience and research in Northern Illinois and Michigan's Upper Peninsula, culminating in resounding success. Be Part of Bowling's Biggest Success Story in Decades Varsity Bowling will become our sport's most significant success story in decades, with your help. Mark these figures down and watch them grow: In 1996-97, only 728 of America's more than 16,000 high schools offered any kind of bowling program. Out of 6. 1 million high school students who participated in athletics in 1996-97, only 15,600 were able to bowl for their schools. Only seven of America's 50 states had as many as 30 high schools offering bowling as an extracurricular activity. Bowling has nearly 500,000 young people participating in Young American Bowling Alliance leagues and tournaments. They know and love bowling, and most of them are denied the opportunity to experience the thrill and excitement of bowling for a letter for their high school teams. American Sports Data states interest in bowling is at an all-time high among young people, with a 15% increase in interest among pre-teens and 17% growth in interest among high schoolers. As a proprietor, you will never experience any program as rewarding as you'll discover by becoming a part of the Varsity Bowling team. Send for your comprehensive Varsity Bowling organizational kit, including detailed manual, videotape and support materials, today! order your kit now Send for your comprehensive Varsity Bowling organizational kit, including detailed manual, videotape and support materials, today! To order your Varsity Bowling kit, please send an email to Jennifer Williamson or call her at the Young American Bowling Alliance (414 423-3398. The Scholarship Management and Accounting Reports for Tenpins (SMART) program will help locate and secure existing bowling scholarships for YABA's membership. SMART will also help any organization start and manage a new bowling scholarship program while relieving new and existing bowling scholarship providers from the burden of administering their scholarship funds. YABA has developed two service levels to accomplish this mission: Level one is SMART's information and assistance level. This SMART level can be contacted in one of three ways – telephone, mail or email. SMART Level One will provide the following services: Information on how to start a bowling scholarship league, tournament or written Information on how to manage the scholarship dollars collected. Advise, assist and support organizations regarding any problem encountered in conducting or administering their scholarship programs. A booklet containing location of scholarship leagues, tournaments, and written cholarships offered worldwide; universities and colleges that offer bowling scholarships and those offering bowling as a scholastic or club sport; and national scholarship applications. In Level Two, the organization forwards their scholarship dollars to SMART, and SMART will manage their scholarship dollar on a daily basis. SMART charges no fee to use the program. SMART operates off the interest made on the scholarship funds. At the end of each bowling season (July 31st) SMART will deduct the operating expenses from the total interest earned. The remaining interest will be credited to each organization. The amount each organization receives will be determined on a percentage basis by the total amount of scholarship funds in their account. The organization then may use the interest as new scholarships at their discretion. For more SMART information, write to SMART 5301 S. 76th St. , Greendale, WI 53129, call 414/423-3343, fax 414/421-3014 or e-mail Ed Gocha at [email  protected] com. 999 Youth and Collegiate Bowlers Scholarships SMART's 1998 Youth and Collegiate Bowling Educational Guide is provided here for Junior Olympics Program To help young bowlers progress from their first visit to a center o becoming a Junior Olympic Gold member, YABA has created a pipeline (to be released in July 1999), to guide them through the different stages of development and prepare them for active roles as participants in the adult membership With this road map, youth bowlers will be guided through five different levels of bowling; Introduction to Bowling, First Organized Program, League Participation and Introduction to Tournament Competition, Purely Competitive and Elite Competition (TEAM USA). Who are Gold members? The Gold Program is the highest level of the USA Junior Olympic Bowling Program. To become a Junior Olympic Gold member, athletes must carry a minimum 165 average for girls and 175 for boys based on at least 21 games and be YABA members in good standing. Only Gold members are eligible to participate in the Junior Olympic Program's pinnacle event, the Junior Olympic Gold National Championships. More than 500 athletes competed in the National Championships held in July in Orlando, Fla. Complete Coverage of the 1999 Junior Olympic Gold National Championships. Gold members (YABA members with minimum average of 165 for girls and 175 for boys) may qualify to compete for a spot on the Junior Olympic Bowling TEAM USA hrough the Junior Olympic Gold National Championships. The program's goals are to emphasize advanced training, coaching and team bowling. In addition, the program will help develop more elite bowlers to feed into collegiate or professional bowling and become future members of American Bowling Congress or Women's International Bowling Congress. How does the Junior Olympic Gold National Championships work? Athletes qualify for the National Championships by winning or finishing high enough in a Gold Event. (Entries paid by the Event sponsor. ) The five-day competition is conducted on multiple lane conditions and consists of ouble elimination match play. The top 16 boys and top 16 girls advance to round-robin finals to compete to win the six boys and six girls spots available on the Junior Olympic TEAM USA. The Junior Olympic Bowling Program was created from YABA's partnership with USA Bowling, and in conjunction with the United States Olympic Committee. The Junior Olympic program focuses on athletes' skill levels rather than age and gender and offers several player development levels. Gold members have the opportunity to become members of Junior Olympic TEAM USA, chosen annually at the Junior Olympic Gold National Championships. Being a Junior Olympic TEAM USA member offers several benefits, including representing the United States in national and international competition, access to scholarships, training at the United States Olympic Training Center in Colorado Springs, Colo. , all-expense paid travel and competition fees, uniforms, recognition from other skilled bowlers and being part of a feeder system for future TEAM USA members. Canadian members are eligible to be Junior Olympic Gold members, compete in the National Championships and earn scholarships. They are unable to be Junior Olympic TEAM USA members.

Marketing southwest airlines

Gone were the days when companies used to be product-focused, utilizing salespeople to sell their products to the market without any specific goals in mind. The advent of marketing changed all this and has since revolutionized the manner of marketing certain products and services. This paper shall look into the marketing strategies Southwest Airlines is currently utilizing to gain a good market share amidst a long list of airline companies today. Southwest Airlines Southwest Airlines was initially incorporated to serve three cities in Texas as Air Southwest on March 15, 1967, by Rollin King and Herb Kelleher. Air Southwest changed its name to Southwest Airlines In early 1971 and the first flight was recorded on June 18, 1971.   Over the years, Southwest has added improved 737 variants but has stayed within the Boeing 737 family to reduce operating costs. Because this technique simplified training, maintenance, and ground operations, it revolutionized the industry's approach to building aircraft fleets. In January 2005 Southwest put to rest its remaining 737-200, the oldest type in its fleet. This event was highlighted with employees wearing pajamas for an early morning flight covering the original Dallas-San Antonio-Houston before returning to Dallas and called this â€Å"putting the -200s to bed†. Marketing Strategies Southwest is known for putting value to the most important people, the customers and the employees. The success of behind a company’s success is its people who understand the significant contribution of their company. Southwest believes that with unsatisfied employees may be translated to unsatisfied customers. The company is known for its distinct customer service philosophy.   Lovelock and Wirtz (2002, p. 58) made is clear that a good customer service spells a big difference in gaining a good number of customers. Southwest must see to it that despite the large number of airline companies that exist today, customers must continue to fly their airline. This is no easy task considering the challenge of trying to beat the other airlines who may offer lower fares or provide more valuable services. Flying on Southwest is quite different from that of most other U.S. airlines such as that tickets are only available and may be purchased from the airline itself. They are not available through travel agents or through common online venues. The tickets may be bought over the phone or via online transactions at the company’s website. Another thing that sets the company aparts from other airline companies is that reservations can be changed at will without corresponding penalties. To an ordinary customer, this service means so much. There’s another way Southwest is doing to gain more customers. It offers Rapid Rewards where customers receive one credit per each one-way ticket (http://www.airfleets.net/ageflotte/Southwest%20Airlines.htm). This program was eventually modified to provide a better offer to customers who frequently fly the airline company. In February 2006, Southwest instituted Capacity Controls to redeeming its free tickets. This means that the airline limits the seats offered to frequent travelers using free certificates on each flight, whereas previously if there was a seat available, you could use the award, provided you were not flying on one of the five blackout dates. Southwest has added fun in its advertisements such as â€Å"just Plane Smart,† The Somebody Else Up There Who Loves You† and â€Å"The Low Fare Airline†. This is its way of reaching to its targeted audience in the simplest and easiest way possible. Since the 1990s, Southwest has come up with television campaigns based on the phrase â€Å"Wanna get away?† Their TV commercilas are filled with funny scenes showing how people appear during situations they find themselves while ‘wanting to get away’. What really distinguishes Southwest from other airlines is its sound clip ‘ding which is now being associated with the company. Conclusion No amount of enticing marketing strategies will be able to entice the most number of customers if all they get are airline employees who give them the cold shoulder. This is something that Soutwest is being known for and its management is trying to build up among its employees. Southwest employees are generally regarded for their friendliness. The Economist   came up woth a Special report entitled â€Å"Low-cost airlines Turbulent Skies† in July 8, 2004 highlighting the present dilemma airline companies are facing. The 9/11 incident actually changed the way people are dealing with airline companies. No one can deny the fact that people have started developing a kind of fear against flying. Peterson (2004 p.124 ) illustrates the changes which companies like Southwest may undertake to compete with the times by using marketing principles attuned to the times. As Lovelock and Wirtz (2002), there are better ways to deal with certain situations that beset companies like Southwest. The problem left by the 9/11 incident among airline companies, the best way to sell or encourage more customers to fly Southwest is to offer them more than just low-cost fares. It is important to provide them the best customer service experience no other airline can give. Works Cited: http://www.airfleets.net/ageflotte/Southwest%20Airlines.htm (Retrieved September 12, 2006) Lovelock, C., & Wirtz, J. Services Marketing People Technology Strategy. McGraw-Hill/Irwin. July 2002 Low-cost airlines Turbulent Skies. The Economist Special Report. Jul 8th 2004 Peterson, B.   Blue Streak: Inside jetBlue, the Upstart that Rocked an Industry. Portfolio Hardcover. 2004      

Barbie Nation essays

Barbie Nation essays Susan Sterns film Barbie Nation: An Unauthorized Tour provides an in depth look at the world of Barbie that most people would never know about. The audience is taken on a tour of the country and different Barbie collectors that are found all over the world. The film opens with an out of focus, very colorful shot that is difficult to figure out what it is. As the camera moves back it is revealed that they are Barbie shoes in an aquarium. From this bizarre opening image the film shows shots of some of the early Barbie commercials, Barbie auctions where some dolls are sold for more than four thousand dollars, and shots of gay pride marches. In these marches they show men dressed up like Barbie dolls while they march. All of these shots, along with the music in the background give the viewer an impression that the film will be an odd view on Barbie. The film uses voiceover narration to help give the audience more information. It is very well done in the film. While using narration to provide the viewer with information that they wouldnt be able to get from the movie alone, the filmmakers are able to keep the voiceover from getting in the way of the action in the film. One of the main sequences in the film showed the Barbie art gallery. This scene helped to add to the overall bizarre feeling of the film. The art show was used to give a more in depth look at some of the more strange areas of Barbie. The filmmakers kept the shots of each individual Barbie art piece moving fast enough to keep the viewer interested. Mixed in with the shots of the Barbie art were interview segments getting the reactions of people in the museum to each piece. The main focus was on the Barbie on the crucifix and one ladies reaction to it. Between shots of other Barbies, such as homicide Barbie, homeless Barbie, hooker Barbie, and sweatshop Barbie, the focus was always bought back to the crucifix Barbie. With the musi...

Oliver Goldsmiths Classic Essay on the Man in Black

Oliver Goldsmith's Classic Essay on the Man in Black Best known for his comic play She Stoops to Conquer and the novel The Vicar of Wakefield, Oliver Goldsmith was also one of the most prominent essayists of the 18th century. The Character of the Man in Black (originally published in the Public Ledger) appears in Goldsmiths most popular essay collection, The Citizen of the World. Though Goldsmith said that the Man in Black was modeled on his father, an Anglican curate, more than one critic has observed that the character bears a striking resemblance to the author: In fact, Goldsmith himself seems to have had difficulty reconciling his philosophic opposition to charity with his own tenderness toward the poorthe conservative with the man of feeling. . . . As foolishly luxurious as Goldsmith may have considered [the Man in Blacks] behavior, he apparently found it natural and almost unavoidable for a man of sentiment.(Richard C. Taylor, Goldsmith as Journalist . Associated University Presses, 1993) After reading The Character of the Man in Black, you may find it worthwhile to compare the essay with Goldsmiths A City Night-Piece and with George Orwells Why Are Beggars Despised? Letter 26: The Character of the Man in Black, With Some Instances of His Inconsistent Conduct To the Same. 1 Though fond of many acquaintances, I desire an intimacy only with a few. The Man in Black, whom I have often mentioned, is one whose friendship I could wish to acquire, because he possesses my esteem. His manners, it is true, are tinctured with some strange inconsistencies; and he may be justly termed a humorist in a nation of humorists. Though he is generous even to profusion, he affects to be thought a prodigy of parsimony and prudence; though his conversation be replete with the most sordid and selfish maxims, his heart is dilated with the most unbounded love. I have known him profess himself a man-hater, while his cheek was glowing with compassion; and, while his looks were softened into pity, I have heard him use the language of the most unbounded ill-nature. Some affect humanity and tenderness, others boast of having such dispositions from nature; but he is the only man I ever knew who seemed ashamed of his natural benevolence. He takes as much pains to hide his feelings, as any hypocrite would to conceal his indifference; but on every unguarded moment the mask drops off, and reveals him to the most superficial observer. 2 In one of our late excursions into the country, happening to discourse upon the provision that was made for the poor in England, he seemed amazed how any of his countrymen could be so foolishly weak as to relieve occasional objects of charity, when the laws had made such ample provision for their support. In every parish-house, says he, the poor are supplied with food, clothes, fire, and a bed to lie on; they want no more, I desire no more myself; yet still they seem discontented. I am surprised at the inactivity of our magistrates in not taking up such vagrants, who are only a weight upon the industrious; I am surprised that the people are found to relieve them, when they must be at the same time sensible that it in some measure encourages idleness, extravagance, and imposture. Were I to advise any man for whom I had the least regard, I would caution him by all means not to be imposed upon by their false pretences; let me assure you, sir, they are imposters, every one of them; and rather merit a prison than relief. 3 He was proceeding in this strain earnestly, to dissuade me from an imprudence of which I am seldom guilty, when an old man, who still had about him the remnants of tattered finery, implored our compassion. He assured us that he was no common beggar, but forced into the shameful profession to support a dying wife and five hungry children. Being prepossessed against such falsehoods, his story had not the least influence upon me; but it was quite otherwise with the Man in Black: I could see it visibly operate upon his countenance, and effectually interrupt his harangue. I could easily perceive, that his heart burned to relieve the five starving children, but he seemed ashamed to discover his weakness to me. While he thus hesitated between compassion and pride, I pretended to look another way, and he seized this opportunity of giving the poor petitioner a piece of silver, bidding him at the same time, in order that I should hear, go work for his bread, and not tease passengers with suc h impertinent falsehoods for the future. 4 As he had fancied himself quite unperceived, he continued, as we proceeded, to rail against beggars with as much animosity as before: he threw in some episodes on his own amazing prudence and economy, with his profound skill in discovering impostors; he explained the manner in which he would deal with beggars, were he a magistrate; hinted at enlarging some of the prisons for their reception, and told two stories of ladies that were robbed by beggarmen. He was beginning a third to the same purpose, when a sailor with a wooden leg once more crossed our walks, desiring our pity, and blessing our limbs. I was for going on without taking any notice, but my friend looking wistfully upon the poor petitioner, bid me stop, and he would show me with how much ease he could at any time detect an impostor. 5 He now, therefore, assumed a look of importance, and in an angry tone began to examine the sailor, demanding in what engagement he was thus disabled and rendered unfit for service. The sailor replied in a tone as angrily as he, that he had been an officer on board a private ship of war, and that he had lost his leg abroad, in defence of those who did nothing at home. At this reply, all my friends importance vanished in a moment; he had not a single question more to ask: he now only studied what method he should take to relieve him unobserved. He had, however, no easy part to act, as he was obliged to preserve the appearance of ill-nature before me, and yet relieve himself by relieving the sailor. Casting, therefore, a furious look upon some bundles of chips which the fellow carried in a string at his back, my friend demanded how he sold his matches; but, not waiting for a reply, desired in a surly tone to have a shillings worth. The sailor seemed at first surprised at his demand, b ut soon recollected himself, and presenting his whole bundle, Here master, says he, take all my cargo, and a blessing into the bargain. 6 It is impossible to describe with what an air of triumph my friend marched off with his new purchase: he assured me that he was firmly of opinion that those fellows must have stolen their goods who could thus afford to sell them for half value. He informed me of several different uses to which those chips might be applied; he expatiated largely upon the savings that would result from lighting candles with a match, instead of thrusting them into the fire. He averred, that he would as soon have parted with a tooth as his money to those vagabonds, unless for some valuable consideration. I cannot tell how long this panegyric upon frugality and matches might have continued, had not his attention been called off by another object more distressful than either of the former. A woman in rags, with one child in her arms, and another on her back, was attempting to sing ballads, but with such a mournful voice that it was difficult to determine whether she was singing or crying. A wretch, who i n the deepest distress still aimed at good-humour, was an object my friend was by no means capable of withstanding: his vivacity and his discourse were instantly interrupted; upon this occasion his very dissimulation had forsaken him. Even in my presence he immediately applied his hands to his pockets, in order to relieve her; but guess his confusion, when he found he had already given away all the money he carried about him to former objects. The misery painted in the womans visage was not half so strongly expressed as the agony in his. He continued to search for some time, but to no purpose, till, at length recollecting himself, with a face of ineffable good-nature, as he had no money, he put into her hands his shillings worth of matches.

Two Articles Review - Early Childhood Education Article

Two Articles Review - Early Childhood Education - Article Example Having the tests done also helps improve the learning of the child and give accountability by the various stakeholders. Critical analysis The article seeks to provide required information on how to determine school readiness in different children. It features various assessments tests and how they are conducted. Maxwell and Clifford state in the journal of young children on the web, children may or may not be ready for school. Maxwell and Clifford state that a child’s development skills are mostly influenced by families and interaction with other people in the environment (5). Additionally, the authors state that children’s skills can be enhanced once in school if the teacher is well prepared. The authors are also quick to note that despite the numerous advantages gained from conducting readiness assessments, few limitations also exist. Each assessment tool is usually designed for key purposes; hence it is difficult for it to be used for other purposes (Maxwell, and Cli fford 6). The themes outlined by the authors in this article are easily applicable in early childhood education. The information given can be used to determine whether a child requires special attention from an early stage. Application of the Key Theme a) Determines the skills required in teaching: The teacher should embark on lessons that are based on teaching numerical. He or she should have the numbers displayed on classroom walls throughout the week. Each child should be given the chance to learn how to write and read the number in the correct order. The teacher should use colorful blocks to display the numbers. At the end of the week each child can arrange the numbers using the blocks. The ability of children to do this correctly will determine the efficiency of using the method to teach them. b) Determines Motor development: The person conducting the test should select children of a specific age. In this test choose children who want to join elementary school. All children sho uld have the same level of motor development at a certain age. They should be provided with a piece of paper and crayons and should be told to make use of them. At this stage, children should be able to hold the crayon and make scribbles on the piece of paper. c) Promoting social and emotional development: The information in the article can be used to give specific attention to each child in the class. Teachers can have a friendly session with each child. They should explain why they think what they say about themselves. The response of each child should be gauged along the set standards. The teacher can observe the child’s behavior while in class. The teacher or parent can check if they obey what the teacher says and their eagerness to learn. These two tests will also tell a lot about the child’s social and emotional development. Article 2: Beyond Outcomes Summary The pressure on today’s early childhood programs to give positive results has increased. Today, te achers and parents are more aware of the advantages obtained when children attend such programs from an early stage, particularly if they need special care. In these programs, there are curriculums that are obligatory to follow. For the school program to work, teachers should be in a position to know what is in the curriculum and build a learning environment that is engaging for children (Dodge, Heroll1an, Charles, and Maiorca 20). The curriculum is there as a guide for promoting the programs. A

Reflection On Entrepreneurship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Reflection On Entrepreneurship - Essay Example The situation that was in the offing was a creation of six group members. The aim of the group in implementation of the entrepreneurship experimental learning was to look into all the available social avenues to search for an entrepreneur and have him/her respond to their questionnaire. The main issue about the interview was to try and get knowledge of his ability and how he has managed to succeed in the competitive business world. The method of searching for an entrepreneur was to be open and given the high availability of the social networks, all the group members were hopeful of a useful choice being found. Actions That Were Implemented As stated, the choice of an entrepreneur is not an easy task because in most cases the people who are known are the executives and management teams and individuals. These only take part in the implementation of the procedures but they are usually not part of the original team that initiates the project. The cosmopolitan lived offered a wide variety of choices of entrepreneurs that were to be interviewed. An e-mail was sent to an entrepreneur in the cosmopolitan and it was easy to get through since he responded confirming the acceptance of his time. This opportunity was good because the business was well known to all the town members. The entrepreneur was Mr Oren, the entrepreneur behind the existence of MoYou Organization, a company that is associated with creation and development of beauty products. The arrangement was that there was need to meet over a tea break since as an entrepreneur, time was a paramount issue to him. In view of this, and

I DO NOT HAVE A TOPIC Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

I DO NOT HAVE A TOPIC - Essay Example Pollution could also destroy the ozone layer thus altering the climatic condition of the region. This would significantly affect the residents since in terms of tourism since it is one of the major economic activities in the area (Mullerat & Brennan, 2011). †¢ Mission statement: they aim at being the best-loved boutique hotel and restaurant by the guests, owners, and all stakeholders by provide excellent service and care and delivering financial returns to investors (Clarke & Chen, 2009). The company has been involved in multiple social responsibilities. However, regarding the loyalty of the customers that has enabled the company to be among the best in the world, it is only fair that the company continue giving back to the society. The headquarter of Kimpton is located in one of the largest cities in the area (Sun, Stewart, & Pollard, 2010). This means that the population in the area is high: and densely populated. With the improved economic conditions in the area due to high tourism levels, most of the population here own cars and the remaining part of the population use public transport. Some of these cars could result into air pollution if they happen to emit fumes. In addition, this city houses various companies and industries. Such industries pollute the environment through emission of dangerous fumes and introducing waste material into the water sources. Considering that the organization is aimed at creating a good brand image, reducing the levels of pollution is a good move to ensure that the organization saves money from the residents of the area. The reason is that air or water pollution could result into multiple health defects and reducing or eliminating them saves this medical money for such residents (Hancock, 2009). The program is very cost effective especially considering that the company already campaigns for the use of renewable energy in the

Representation Of Women In Advertising Cultural Studies Essay

Representation Of Women In Advertising Cultural Studies Essay Advertisements are one of the most cultural factors which mould and reflect society. They are a ubiquitous and inevitable part of everyones life: even if we do not read a newspaper or watch television, the images posted over our urban surrounding are inescapable. The advertisement translates these statements to us as human statements: they are given a humanly symbolic exchange value. (Wiliamson, 1976)   This paper will discuss the change and contrast or the representation of women in television advertisements. It will deconstruct two British adverts from the 1960s and their contemporary counter parts; as well as examine the idea of different notions of beauty for women and stereotypes relating to these notions and identify stereotypes relating to beauty. It will study the ways in which meaning is communicated through the use of these codes and conventions in television advertisements. Therefore I will look at the visual semiotics in each element of the advert which includes language, image and information and its target market and audience, hence analyzing according to semiotics. This paper will analyze the advertisements use and manipulation of stereotypes relating to beauty, ideas about body image and the maintenance of an ideal standard of beauty. Many theorists believe that perceived gender roles form the bases for the development of gender identity and thus it is vital to study the theories used to enforce these gender stereotypes and their shifts. Eaglys social role theory implies that gender roles based on stereotypes have been developed due to sexual division of labour and societal expectations. Eagly (1987) differentiates among the common and age scopes of gender-stereotyped features. The common character is categorized by elements, such as nurturance and emotional expressiveness, mostly linked with household activities, and thus, with women. The age role is categorized by characteristics such as hostility and sovereignty, mostly linked with communal activities, and thus, with men. Gender roles strongly influence behaviour when cultures support gender stereotypes and build up strong expectations based on those stereotypes (Eagly 1987). According to Deaux and Lewis gender stereotypes differ on four dimensions: traits, rol e behaviors, physical characteristics, and occupations (Deaux and Lewis 1983). This work is further developed by Berm who stated that Gender stereotypes are implanted through childhood socialization and are reinforced in adulthood. This thought is supported by Berms Gender schema theory, which presents the idea that children learn how their cultures define the roles of both women and men and then internalize the knowledge acquired as gender schema. (bem 1993) Feminist legal theory is based on the belief that the law is instrumental in womens historical subordination. There are two elements of the feminist legal theory. First, feminist jurisprudence aims to explain the ways in which the law played a role in womens former subordinate status and in the latter, feminist legal theory is dedicated to changing womens status through a reworking of the law and its approach to gender. According to Gunther women in television adverts prior to 1970s were not shown to be in paid work, and when they were, they would be stereotypical jobs such as a nurse or personal assistant. Housewife culture declined after the 1950s, but it was still common during the 1960s and 1970s (Gunther, 1995 :34). Content analysis of advertising in television during the 1970s provided strong evidence of the existence of stereotyping. All adverts which featured women showed three quarters were for kitchen and bathroom products. Men were viewed with powerful authoritative roles and provided the dependable voice-over (Ibid: 35) Research in the late 1970s and early 1980s reinforced a continuation of these trends, with men shown at work and women as housewives and mothers at home. Nonetheless, it became more common for men to be shown at home as well, in the role of husband or father, and the range of womens occupations increased (ibid : 36, 37). This is reminiscent of the Social Learning Theory. During the late 1970s women in advertising played a central focus on beauty, cleanliness, family and pleasing others. In the 1980s TV advertising started to conceptualize the idea of the busy working women by offering solutions to the working woman, who was assumed, would still perform household tasks such as cooking and cleaning. Pg 55Through the early 1990s, a study was conducted of 500 prime-time TV ads in the UK, by Cumber batch (reported in Strinati, 1995: 86),and it was deduced that advertiser had seemingly become vary of many years advertisers were reluctant to do anything different from the conservative stereotypical gender roles until in the 1970s and 1980s feminists took the protest to roads. Pg 55 Television audience are bombarded with images and slogans through advertisements. In 2000 Nielsen Media Research and Radio Advertising Bureau survey concluded that the average U.S. household, watched more than seven hours of television per day (Albarran, 2000). Audience subconsciously memorize slogans and absorb images without questioning them. This is known as the cultivation effect (Gerbner, Gross, Morgan and Signorieli (1980)) .The effect of this exposure produces cultivation, or teaching of a common worldview, common roles and common values. (Gerbner, Gross, Morgan Signorieli, 1980, p.10). In order to understand the change in female stereotypes we must apply a semiotic analysis to the advertisements in the contrasting time frames.Williamson (1978) stated that semiotics studies looks at any system of signs whether the substance is verbal, visual or a complex mixture of both. (Semiotics and Ideology (n.d) para.2). Ideology is the meaning made necessary by the conditions of society while helping to perpetuate those conditions. (Williamson (1978) p.13). We must first discuss intersubjectivity, (OSullivan, Hartley, Saunders, Montgomery, Fiske, (1994) p.157 158) As the audience In order to understand advertisements we must learn how to read them. It is vital to deconstruct them by the use of encoding and decoding. Encoding is performed by the transmitter of the advertisement message and decoding is a process accomplished by the receiving audience. The visual message is the most important element of a television advert because through it, its semiotic system of codes and co nventions it attracts potential buyers of the product. Most female personal care products target consumers by offering them an idealized reader-image (McCracken (1992 p.20). Thus television advertisements attract the audience by selling them visions of how they would like to see themselves. The codes and conventions on the advert have been transgressed by Dove which as a brand has taken a sharp turn away from traditional conventional ideologies of female perceptions. Advertisements must take into account not only the inherent qualities and attributes of the products they are trying to sell, but also the way in which they can make those properties mean something to usà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The components of advertisements are variable and not necessarily part of one language or social discourse. Advertisements rather provide a structure which is capable of transforming the language of objects into that of people, and vice versa. Judith Williamson, Decoding Advertisements, 1978, p.12 (flake doc) WHAT IS TRYING TO BE SAID HERE!According to Gerbner ; common media learning has increased television viewing is associated with more stereotypical views, especially of gender (Allan Scott, 1996). Gerbner, Gross, Morgan and Signorieli (1980) argued that for frequent heavy viewers, television virtually subsumes and monopolizes other sources of information, ideas and consciousness. Furthermore, the frequent viewers perceive the world as television depictions . (Gerbner, et al., 1980). Dove old advert The advertisements of the early 1960s begin with a male voice over. This man narrates the advert and his claims of Dove being new and revolutionary and this is reinforced through female narration. This can be said to be reflective of male patriarchy dominant at during the late 1950s and early 1960.The key word in the advert is new and is repeated, in each case before the brand name. The readers eye is drawn simultaneously to the models eyes and face, and the text onscreen. The Advert emphasized as the brand name and thus the text anchors the connotative meaning of the product but new is the first word you read. Cosmetics advertisers aim to reduce competition by conveying that their products are the newest product with the latest technological advances. Emphasis in adverts is placed on the new key property of the product. For example, Dove creams and cleanses your skin and boasts that other products only cleanse and dry ; here, there is a strong implication of criticism of other brand s and products and this encourages women to be critical of themselves and their peers in using wearing of out-of-date brands that do not embody the latest key properties or technology. The beginning of the advert contains a picture of the products packaging; this is what the audience is to look for when buying the product. The image of the dove represents Greek connotations of Aphrodite, goddess of beauty and love thus representing traditional female beauty and characteristics. Next the audiences see a perfectly manicured female hand , this continues to reinforce female notions of beauty. Once the product is unpackaged the bar of soap is curvy, this could questionably parallel the unpack aging of the female body which like the soap is also curvy. The words completely new are draw upon the eyes of the audience eye drawn and this point is reinforced by the narrative. The audience is introduced to the product by a male voice over. A Female voice over refers to the cleaning of the product cleaning, a subtle reference to the position of women in the home,  ¼ filling of bar may also be representative of cooking. She continues to talk about cleansing, the product cleans and creams and this is repeated and is reinforced to the audience. The male voice then reinforces the positives of the products; his commentary is similar to that of a scientists new discovery. Its can be argued that the mode in the advert acts as a guinepig for the experimental use of the product, it is her purpose to serve the male voice over. We are only able to view the models face, and towards the end of the advert her makeup changes as if she were ready to go out, for a date perhaps, and in this transformation she is rewarded by an anonymous male, whose hand we see as he caresses her cheek continuing to reinforce the previous Aphrodite notions beauty and love and desire to please in a patriarchal society and fulfill beauty expectations. The ad consists of a visual subject which in this case is the soap and an object, the soap bar, while subconsciously portraying the subject as the women and the object as her Female curves. This reinforces traditional gender stereotypes as the objects beauty is acknowledged by male presence. SANA U relocate this I will now introduce and analyze recent Dove television adverts according to semiotics. I am looking to see how the representation of women is conveyed and to see if the operation of patriarchy is apparent. I suspect that I will be able to deduce that all of these adverts operate patriarchy through similar ideologies presented through, images and articles in magazine about their products. The advert then shows the ordinary women having fun at photo shoot. In the new television advert the models are relaxed and it appears as if they are chatting to their girlfriends. The self-touching conveys the impression of narcissism, admiring ones own body and displaying it to others. Furthermore, in the firming body products campaign we are first introduced to the model via an audition we see real women, wearing ordinary clothing, jeans and simple tops and not glamorous silk gowns. They are all different shapes, sizes and ethnicities. The larger women unconventionally and ironically are wearing lower cut blouses. Next the audience views the women using of products in ordinary household environments. The use of a female voice portrays societal liberisation of women and her voice has a relaxed jovial tone as she refers to size 8 women. The female voice of dove, implies that size 8 women note real women but merely fictional supermodels. She refers to large hips and pear shape, this healthy fruit are Dove a promoting a healthier fuller figure. Women are in white lingerie this mirrors the color of the dove which is free and liberated. A twenty first century interpretation of the dove may be interpreted as the present greater liberation, peace and freedom which is reinforced in Doves new ad campaign. During the photo shoot there is a male voice present in the background. He wears black perhaps because he not as free and liberated as women and is confined to the antiquity of black which contrasts the free soaring spirit of Dove. In comparison to the1960s ad, the earlier is more informative about the product where as the new advert, focuss on the self in comparison to the prior which focuss on the product. In the new advert the narrator only names the products and reinforces that their tested on real women The absence of obvious sex appeal in this ad displaces the use of the product as a method of attracting the male. Instead the womans focus is on attaining for herself the advertised qualities embodied other women shown. The ad uses empowerment to sell the product because the majority of women in their late thirties or early forties who are considering firming products are likely to have already attracted a male. It is the qualities embodied by real women that the ad is making desirable, and then attainable through the product itself. Dove claim they have changed all this by revoloutionalizing societal perceptions of beauty. By presenting real women in their lingerie the brand expresses the societal liberation of female freedom and sexuality. Women in their campaign are not presented with traditional sexual connotations as vixens; hour glass body shapes, long hair, large bust, instead the women in the 21st century ad campaign are perfectly flawed. This campaign broke stereotypical rules and took beauty taboos head on. The Dove Campaign for Real Beauty (CFRB) textually reveals that CFRB employs feminist signs to reference a key binary resistance in feminist politics discussing liberation and oppression; in the presentation of an ideology of real beauty. This message promotes Dove as a mechanism of change to the view of societal perceptions of limiting and unattainable female beauty, a position influential feminists support in mainstream media and through corporate partnership. This analysis suggests that real beauty is a new stereotype within the dominant ideology of female beauty; the attributes of thin, young, and blonde are replaced by many shapes, sizes, colours and ages, yet the real women are presented to arouse public dialogue about their physical beauty while promoting Dove and its products; resulting in sexual objectification of their image. Also as the definition of real beauty embraces self-esteem, CFRB produces a demanding, oppressive beauty stereotype for female consumption than the do minant stereotype which emphasizes only physical standards. Ultimately, CFRB support the patriarchal view of female identity as a consumer through the ideological consumption of real beauty and fiscal consumption of Dove products. This analysis provides a history of the relationships between feminists women in advertising, and the assembly of beauty advertising to observe the construction structure of CFRB. In earlier decades the aim for women was to attract a man and be in a loving relationship. The focus has shifted, however, and the goal now is to be slim, attractive, and happy, regardless of lifestyle, and whether or not an individual is in a successful relationship or not. It is through inter-subjectivity that cultural identity is affirmed. Just as advertising influences culture, so too does it reflect trends and cultural values. Advertising in womens products represents a utopian view of the world and sells the product by selling stereotypical aspirations to attain the lifestyles or the looks represented in their texts. Henceforth, Margaret Duffy claimed that advertising, Popular academics have seen it as anti-humanistic, a creator of unnecessary needs and desires. (Duffy as cited by Manca and Manca, 1994, p.5). Unlike big clothing brands like Gucci or Prada for example, self care products cannot be identified by displaying the brand name in the actual cream or soap bar but instea d, advertisements such as this encourage women to look critically at each others physical appearance and gossip about how other women look. The old dove advert exemplifies elements of both the social learning and the gender schema theory. As we are socialized into our gender roles females traditionally have been concerned about their appearance and focuses on trying to please the opposite sex. This is reiterated by doves ad campaign buy the males reassuring hand of the womans soft beautiful skin. This social acceptance is reinforced by the gender schema theory which describes women as gentile creatures. Thus these two work hand in hand in a repetitive cycle. In contrast to this contemporary dove advertisements are influenced by feminist legal theory. The female voice over mirrors social power acquired by women in the early 20th century and after WWII. This is made even more apparent by the partly dressed models that break traditional gender stereotypes of beautiful pin up women as they appear in all shapes and sizes. FLAKE intro the second ad into the esay Chocolate seems more decadent than other confectionery because we have been sold this myth. The audience treats the signifiers in advertisements as though they are truths rather than our own constructions, which are enabled by refined publicity teams. This tendency to accept signs stems advertising has signified a cultural scepticism which in return has acted as the signifier for a new system of parody in advertisement which humours the system of unconscious connotations whilst achieving the goal of selling the product within the same system of denotations and connotations which it ridicules. The Cadburys Flake television advertisements of the 1970s and 80s depict young, beautiful white women in romantic dreamscapes, i.e. the poppy field, the Victorian-style bathroom, content in their independence, yet eroticised by the sexual relationship they share with their phallic chocolate bars The advert begins with the flake girls licking her lips, she then holds up the erected chocolate bar which becomes the central focal point for the audience. We are given time to read the name of the chocolate which then is followed by music. As the music proceeds the flake girl begins to unwrap the bar and slowly and places it in her mouth not taking a bite this may be interpreted to mirror the sexual acts. The girl presents traditional beauty appearance, her makeup draws attention to her eyes and lips her straight hair also represents phallic images and traditional beauty connotations similar to that in the Dove adverts of 1960s presenting the beauty of Aphrodite. She places the chocolate seductively in her mouth and as the sun shines behind her she enters into her sexual fantasy a beach with a back horse. This stallion may be representative of a man, strong, learn and being lead by a strong female from the 1960s. She finally smiles as she enjoys the creamy chocolate. Most prominent in this advert is the female voice over, this being representative of political change. . These images appeal to the consumer, who makes connections between the visual subject, the chocolate and the visual object the chocolate bar in contrast to the subconscious subject sex and the subconscious object the lack of the male penis. The substitution of the chocolate bar for phallic images is all the more erotic when the audience is exposed to close-up images of white females rouge stained or gloss-laden lips wrapping themselves around the brown bar. The attributes of the chocolate; its distinctive shape and texture are connoted into a meaning of sexual desire and satisfaction. These myths then become the Flakes identity. Flake has removed the idea of the Flake girl who traditionally has sensually nibbled the chocolate bar since 1959. The new campaign aims to focus on the beauty and delicacy of the Flake bar, as opposed to the Flake girl succumbing to the mouth watering chocolate. The ad features Russian model Yulia Lobova and 200 metres of yellow fabric. The fabric twirls around the model as a yellow dress in an analogy of the Flake bar. For the past seven months the UK Cadbury team have been working on creating a new campaign that helps give Flake a fresh, contemporary approach, said Phil Rumbol, UK marketing director at Cadbury. We wanted to focus on the beauty of the product rather than just the sensuality of eating it we consider Flake to be a truly unique product and its still going strong in its 90th year. The signifiers in the new advert are the colours purple and yellow from which the audience picks up on the significant code and recognises the brand. The floating women in the luxurious material signify the beauty and luxury of the brand and product. The material unwraps a woman where s previously it was the ale phallic. This advertisement can be used for a global audience, the lacking of language ad simple images sounds and colours relates to a wider audience. The models makeup is also subtle in comparison to previous flake girls. The traditional beauty and enhancement of eyes and lips is not as apparent. Flake old advert- influenced by feminist legal theory and like women rebels against the societal perception and position of women. This is exemplified by the female voiceover. Ironically this advertisement presents another female stereotype of the sexual women and not a home maker. This is a stereotype which was not taught during the early 1960s however female presence in society was seeing a change, perhaps Cadbury were attempting to create a new stereotype or perhaps trying to break traditional conventions and set new set new social learning theoretical perspectives. New ad- Cadbury has once again created a new stereotype but this time of not gender but of pleasure , presenting their chocolate not with sexual connotations. However Cadbury still use a female who is lost in some form of desire however this advert focuses on the chocolate rather than its The desirable indulgence in this ad is the chocolate itself rather than the subconscious portrayal of a phallic image. The fantasy is constant however the nature of the new adverts emphasizes on the changes of gender stereotypical roles in comparison to the old one. CONCLUSION Having explored the ideals of femininity in television advertisements we can argue that they are revealed to be carefully constructed in their layout, choice of colour, packaging and the product itself, text, language used, and which model has been photographed to represent the brands ideology through the codes and conventions it adheres to. In some adverts consumption of the product is implied to lead to being loved, cared for and protected by a man and this is portrayed as highly desirable in the case of dove. In contrast the new campaign shows a female empowered to stand alone without masculine approval, and to consume the product as a luxury for herself, not to make her more attractive to a man. Flake In conclusion the advertising has evolved from traditional notions of female stereotypes alternative to that of dove to minimalist advertising which is based on consumers socially acquired knowledge for e.g it will be commonly known for all the audiences the colours of flakes packaging similarly to this the logo of dove and the colours of the packaging. Even though gender stereotypical roles in adverts have tremendously evolved since 1960s while performing the semiotics of both the adverts an interesting pattern of similarity lead to decipher a rare connection between the new dove ad and the old flake ad. In the dove new ad the confidence of women to be comfortable with their appearance no matter how they look without male dominance and the confidence of the flake girl in the old advert to have her own fantasy where she leads the masculine horse figure shows power and dominance portrayed by both then dove women and the flake girls. It could be argued that Cadbury has been ahead of times in modern portrayal of gender stereotyping however it still follows the traditional pattern to gender stereotyping showing a stereotypically beautiful white Russian model while Dove has broken this convention and introduced a new form of gender stereotypical role. Creating new stereotypes. In addition, many television adverts carry an implication of women being confident, successful and strong. From closer study it becomes clearer that this masks the operation of patriarchy which uses representations of women in adverts to suppress the empowerment and independence of women in real life. Again Dove differs here from other advertising campaigns by showing positive images of women who do not conform to the unattainable ideal standard of beauty shown in other ads and Cadbury create a new implication of female empowerment. However such implications were evident in adverts during the 1960s. It is obvious that advertising plays a major part in creating and maintaining the consumer culture in which we live. It can be argued that if the public had greater awareness to the negative images in the mass media in reference to women, they would be able to distinguish between their actual needs and those created by factors such as peer pressure, advertising, and low self-confidence. Cash Pruzinsky (1990, p.51) stated two perspectives which form our appearance, one from the inside and one from the outside. The relationship between these perspectives is central when discussing self-esteem and body image, but it is our physical appearance which provides advertisements with their material. Despite this it is our feelings about how we look from the inside and our insecurities which enable adverts to work. Fiske says, An advert is only the inter textual circulation of its meanings, a set of unfinished meanings in process. Texts are not signifying objects but agents, instances and reso urces of popular culture. (1991, p.124 125) It is only when being read or viewed and its meaning interpreted by individuals that the advert becomes whole and performs the function of selling a product. Without human interaction an advertisement can only be looked at as a manifestation of the world surrounding it.